% \iffalse meta-comment
%
% Copyright 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
% The LaTeX3 Project and any individual authors listed elsewhere
% in this file.
%
% This file is part of the LaTeX2e system.
% ----------------------------------------
%
% It may be distributed under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public
% License, as described in lppl.txt in the base LaTeX distribution.
% Either version 1.0 or, at your option, any later version.
%
% \fi
% \iffalse
%%% From File: ltplain.dtx
%
%<*driver>
% \fi
\ProvidesFile{ltplain.dtx}
[1996/11/03 v1.1w LaTeX Kernel (Plain TeX)]
% \iffalse
\documentclass{ltxdoc}
\GetFileInfo{ltplain.dtx}
\begin{document}
\title{\filename\\(The file plain.tex, modified for \LaTeX)}
\author{Donald~E.~Knuth\\
Modified by
Leslie Lamport, Frank Mittelbach,\\
Rainer Sch\"opf, David Carlisle}
\date{\filedate}
\maketitle
\DocInput{\filename}
\end{document}
%</driver>
% \fi
%
% \CheckSum{749}
%
% \changes{v1.0a}{1994/03/08}
% {Remove need for a driver file.}
% \changes{v1.0b}{1994/03/12}
% {Name changed from lplain. The end of an era}
% \changes{v1.0e}{1994/03/12}{Replaced remaining width, height, depth
% by \LaTeX{} macro names to save tokens.}
% \changes{v1.1a}{1994/10/14}
% {Moved code to other files.}
% \changes{v1.1b}{1994/11/10}
% {(CAR) added patch to \cs{loop}.}
% \changes{v1.1f}{1994/11/25}
% {(DPC) Comment out lots of obsolete code}
% \changes{v1.1g}{1994/12/01}
% {(DPC) More doc changes}
% \changes{v1.1j}{1995/05/07}{Use \cs{hb@xt@}}
% \changes{v1.1j}{1995/05/21}{Moved some code to other files}
% \changes{v1.1n}{1995/07/02}{Removed surplus `by' and `\quotechar=' in
% various places}
% \changes{v1.1o}{1995/09/14}{Moved \cs{multispan} to lttab.dtx}
% \changes{v1.1r}{1995/10/10}{Autoload tracing code}
% \changes{v1.1u}{1996/10/28}{(CAR) More doc changes}
%
% \section{Plain \TeX}
%
% \LaTeX\ includes almost all of the functionality of Knuth's original
% `Basic Macros' That is, the plain \TeX\ format described in Appendix~B
% of the \TeX{}Book. However, some of the user commands are not much
% use so, in order to save memory, we may remove them from the kernel
% into a package. Here is a list of the commands that may be removed
% (PROBABLY NOT COMPLETE).
% \begin{verbatim}
% \magstep \magstephalf
% \mathhexbox
% \vglue \vgl@
% \hglue \hgl@
% \end{verbatim}
%
% This file is by now very small as most of it has been moved to more
% appropriate kernel files: it may disappear completely one day.
%
% \LaTeX\ font definitions are done using NFSS2 so none of PLAIN's
% font definitions are in \LaTeX.
%
% \LaTeX\ has its own tabbing environment, so PLAIN's is disabled.
%
% \LaTeX{} uses its own output routine, so most of the plain one was
% removed.
%
% \StopEventually{}
%
% \iffalse
%% \CharacterTable
%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
%%
% \fi
%
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*2ekernel|autoload>
\catcode`\{=1 % left brace is begin-group character
\catcode`\}=2 % right brace is end-group character
\catcode`\$=3 % dollar sign is math shift
\catcode`\&=4 % ampersand is alignment tab
\catcode`\#=6 % hash mark is macro parameter character
\catcode`\^=7 % circumflex and uparrow are for superscripts
\catcode`\_=8 % underline and downarrow are for subscripts
\catcode`\^^I=10 % ascii tab is a blank space
\chardef\active=13 \catcode`\~=\active % tilde is active
\catcode`\^^L=\active \outer\def^^L{\par}% ascii form-feed is \outer\par
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\message{catcodes,}
% \end{macrocode}
%
% We had to define the |\catcodes| right away, before the message line,
% since |\message| uses the |{| and |}| characters.
% When INITEX (the \TeX\ initializer) starts up,
% it has defined the following |\catcode| values:\\
% |\catcode`\^^@=9 % | ascii null is ignored\\
% |\catcode`\^^M=5 % | ascii return is end-line\\
% |\catcode`\\=0 % | backslash is TeX escape character\\
% |\catcode`\%=14 % | percent sign is comment character\\
% |\catcode`\ =10 % | ascii space is blank space\\
% |\catcode`\^^?=15 %| ascii delete is invalid\\
% |\catcode`\A=11 ... \catcode`\Z=11 %| uppercase letters\\
% |\catcode`\a=11 ... \catcode`\z=11 %| lowercase letters\\
% all others are type 12 (other)
%
% Here is a list of the characters that have been specially catcoded:
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\dospecials{\do\ \do\\\do\{\do\}\do\$\do\&%
\do\#\do\^\do\_\do\%\do\~}
% \end{macrocode}
% (not counting ascii null, tab, linefeed, formfeed, return, delete)
% Each symbol in the list is preceded by \do, which can be defined
% if you want to do something to every item in the list.
%
% We make |@| signs act like letters, temporarily, to avoid conflict
% between user names and internal control sequences of plain format.
% \begin{macrocode}
\catcode`@=11
% \end{macrocode}
%
% To make the plain macros more efficient in time and space,
% several constant values are declared here as control sequences.
% If they were changed, anything could happen;
% so they are private symbols.
% \begin{macro}{\@ne}
% \begin{macro}{\tw@}
% \begin{macro}{\thr@@}
% \begin{macro}{\sixt@@n}
% \begin{macro}{\@cclv}
% Small constants are defined using |\chardef|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\chardef\@ne=1
\chardef\tw@=2
\chardef\thr@@=3
\chardef\sixt@@n=16
\chardef\@cclv=255
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@cclvi}
% \begin{macro}{\@m}
% \begin{macro}{\@M}
% \begin{macro}{\@MM}
% Constants above 255 defined using |\mathchardef|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\mathchardef\@cclvi=256
\mathchardef\@m=1000
\mathchardef\@M=10000
\mathchardef\@MM=20000
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% Allocation of registers
%
% Here are macros for the automatic allocation of |\count|, |\box|,
% |\dimen|, |\skip|, |\muskip|, and |\toks| registers, as well as
% |\read| and |\write| stream numbers, |\fam| codes, |\language| codes,
% and |\insert| numbers.
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\message{registers,}
% \end{macrocode}
%
% When a register is used only temporarily, it need not be allocated;
% grouping can be used, making the value previously in the register
% return after the close of the group. The main use of these macros is
% for registers that are defined by one macro and used by others,
% possibly at ifferent nesting levels. All such registers should be
% defined through these macros; otherwise conflicts may occur,
% especially when two or more more macro packages are being used at
% once.
%
% \begin{oldcomments}
% The following counters are reserved:
% 0 to 9 page numbering
% 10 count allocation
% 11 dimen allocation
% 12 skip allocation
% 13 muskip allocation
% 14 box allocation
% 15 toks allocation
% 16 read file allocation
% 17 write file allocation
% 18 math family allocation
% 19 language allocation
% 20 insert allocation
% 21 the most recently allocated number
% 22 constant -1
% \end{oldcomments}
%
% New counters are allocated starting with 23, 24, etc. Other registers
% are allocated starting with 10. This leaves 0 through 9 for the user
% to play with safely, except that counts 0 to 9 are considered to be
% the page and subpage numbers (since they are displayed during
% output). In this scheme, |\count| 10 always contains the number of the
% highest-numbered counter that has been allocated, |\count| 14 the
% highest-numbered box, etc. Inserts are given numbers 254, 253, etc.,
% since they require a |\count|, |\dimen|, |\skip|, and |\box| all with
% the same number; |\count| 20 contains the lowest-numbered insert that
% has been allocated. Of course, |\box|255 is reserved for |\output|;
% |\count|255, |\dimen|255, and |\skip|255 can be used freely.
%
% It is recommended that macro designers always use
% |\global| assignments with respect to registers numbered\\
% 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,\\
% and always non-|\global| assignments with respect to registers\\
% 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 255.\\
% This will prevent ``save stack buildup'' that might otherwise occur.
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\count10=22 % allocates \count registers 23, 24, ...
\count11=9 % allocates \dimen registers 10, 11, ...
\count12=9 % allocates \skip registers 10, 11, ...
\count13=9 % allocates \muskip registers 10, 11, ...
\count14=9 % allocates \box registers 10, 11, ...
\count15=9 % allocates \toks registers 10, 11, ...
\count16=-1 % allocates input streams 0, 1, ...
\count17=-1 % allocates output streams 0, 1, ...
\count18=3 % allocates math families 4, 5, ...
\count19=0 % allocates \language codes 1, 2, ...
\count20=255 % allocates insertions 254, 253, ...
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{\insc@unt}
% \begin{macro}{\allocationnumber}
% The insertion counter and most recent allocation.
% \begin{macrocode}
\countdef\insc@unt=20
\countdef\allocationnumber=21
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\m@ne}
% The constant $-1$.
% \begin{macrocode}
\countdef\m@ne=22 \m@ne=-1
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\wlog}
% Write on log file (only)
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\wlog{\immediate\write\m@ne}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\count@}
% \begin{macro}{\dimen@}
% \begin{macro}{\dimen@i}
% \begin{macro}{\dimen@ii}
% \begin{macro}{\skip@}
% \begin{macro}{\toks@}
% Here are abbreviations for the names of scratch registers
% that don't need to be allocated.
% \begin{macrocode}
\countdef\count@=255
\dimendef\dimen@=0
\dimendef\dimen@i=1 % global only
\dimendef\dimen@ii=2
\skipdef\skip@=0
\toksdef\toks@=0
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\newcount}
% \begin{macro}{\newdimen}
% \begin{macro}{\newskip}
% \begin{macro}{\newmuskip}
% \begin{macro}{\newbox}
% \begin{macro}{\newhelp}
% \begin{macro}{\newtoks}
% \changes{v1.0c}{1994/03/28}
% {Remove some \cs{outer} declarations.}
% \changes{v1.1h}{1995/04/24}
% {Remove remaining \cs{outer} declarations.}
% Now, we define |\newcount|, |\newbox|, etc. so that you can say
% |\newcount\foo| and |\foo| will be defined (with |\countdef|) to
% be the next counter.
%
% To find out which counter |\foo| is, you can look at
% |\allocationnumber|.
%
% Since there's no |\boxdef| command, |\chardef| is used to define a
% |\newbox|, |\newinsert|, |\newfam|, and so on.
%
% \LaTeX\ change: remove |\outer| from |\newcount| and |\newdimen| (FMi)
% This is necessary to use |\newcount| inside |\if...|
% later on. Also remove from |\newskip|, |\newbox|
% |\newwrite| and |\newfam| (DPC) to save later redefinition.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\newcount{\alloc@0\count\countdef\insc@unt}
\def\newdimen{\alloc@1\dimen\dimendef\insc@unt}
\def\newskip{\alloc@2\skip\skipdef\insc@unt}
\def\newmuskip{\alloc@3\muskip\muskipdef\@cclvi}
\def\newbox{\alloc@4\box\chardef\insc@unt}
\def\newhelp#1#2{\newtoks#1#1\expandafter{\csname#2\endcsname}}
\def\newtoks{\alloc@5\toks\toksdef\@cclvi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\newread}
% \begin{macro}{\newwrite}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\newread{\alloc@6\read\chardef\sixt@@n}
\def\newwrite{\alloc@7\write\chardef\sixt@@n}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \LaTeX\ defines |\newfam| in |ltfss.dtx|.
%\begin{verbatim}
%\def\newfam{\alloc@8\fam\chardef\sixt@@n}
%\end{verbatim}
%
% \begin{macro}{\newlanguage}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\newlanguage{\alloc@9\language\chardef\@cclvi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\alloc@}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\alloc@#1#2#3#4#5{\global\advance\count1#1\@ne
\ch@ck#1#4#2% make sure there's still room
\allocationnumber\count1#1%
\global#3#5\allocationnumber
\wlog{\string#5=\string#2\the\allocationnumber}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\newinsert}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\newinsert#1{\global\advance\insc@unt \m@ne
\ch@ck0\insc@unt\count
\ch@ck1\insc@unt\dimen
\ch@ck2\insc@unt\skip
\ch@ck4\insc@unt\box
\allocationnumber\insc@unt
\global\chardef#1\allocationnumber
\wlog{\string#1=\string\insert\the\allocationnumber}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\ch@ck}
% \begin{macrocode}
%</2ekernel|autoload>
%<*2ekernel|autoload|autoerr>
\gdef\ch@ck#1#2#3{%
\ifnum\count1#1<#2\else
%<!autoload> \errmessage{No room for a new #3}%
%<autoload> \@autoerr\ch@ck#1#2#3%
\fi}
%</2ekernel|autoload|autoerr>
%<*2ekernel|autoload>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\maxdimen}
% \begin{macro}{\hideskip}
% Here are some examples of allocation.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newdimen\maxdimen \maxdimen=16383.99999pt % the largest legal <dimen>
\newskip\hideskip \hideskip=-1000pt plus 1fill % negative but can grow
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\p@}
% \begin{macro}{\z@}
% \begin{macro}{\z@skip}
% \begin{macro}{\voidb@x}
% \begin{macrocode}
\newdimen\p@ \p@=1pt % this saves macro space and time
\newdimen\z@ \z@=0pt % can be used both for 0pt and 0
\newskip\z@skip \z@skip=0pt plus0pt minus0pt
\newbox\voidb@x % permanently void box register
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \changes{v1.1p}{1995/10/02}{Move \cs{newif} to ltdefns}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\message{compatibility for TeX 2, }
% \end{macrocode}
%
% If this file is used in an old \TeX\ we define the new features
% of \TeX\ 3.0 as simple macros or counters so that files that uses
% these features can be processed in such an environment
% (They will however produce some other results).
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\ifx\@undefined\inputlineno
\newcount\inputlineno
% \end{macrocode}
% This could be used to detect that an old \TeX\ is in force
% \begin{macrocode}
\inputlineno-1
% \end{macrocode}
% Extra test for MLTeX 2, RmS 91/11/07.
% \begin{macrocode}
\ifx\@undefined\language
\newcount\language
\fi
\newcount\lefthyphenmin
\newcount\righthyphenmin
\newcount\errorcontextlines
\newcount\holdinginserts
\newdimen\emergencystretch
\newcount\badness
\let\noboundary\relax
\newcount\setlanguage
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
%
% Assign initial values to \TeX's parameters
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\message{parameters,}
% \end{macrocode}
%
% All of \TeX's numeric parameters are listed here,
% but the code is commented out if no special value needs to be set.
% INITEX makes all parameters zero except where noted.
%
% \begin{oldcomments}
% \begin{macrocode}
\pretolerance=100
\tolerance=200 % INITEX sets this to 10000
\hbadness=1000
\vbadness=1000
\linepenalty=10
\hyphenpenalty=50
\exhyphenpenalty=50
\binoppenalty=700
\relpenalty=500
\clubpenalty=150
\widowpenalty=150
\displaywidowpenalty=50
\brokenpenalty=100
\predisplaypenalty=10000
% \end{macrocode}
% \postdisplaypenalty=0
% \interlinepenalty=0
% \floatingpenalty=0, set during \insert
% \outputpenalty=0, set before TeX enters \output
% \begin{macrocode}
\doublehyphendemerits=10000
\finalhyphendemerits=5000
\adjdemerits=10000
% \end{macrocode}
% \looseness=0, cleared by TeX after each paragraph
% \pausing=0
% \holdinginserts=0
% \tracingonline=0
% \tracingmacros=0
% \tracingstats=0
% \tracingparagraphs=0
% \tracingpages=0
% \tracingoutput=0
% \begin{macrocode}
\tracinglostchars=1
% \end{macrocode}
% \tracingcommands=0
% \tracingrestores=0
% \language=0
% \begin{macrocode}
\uchyph=1
% \end{macrocode}
% \lefthyphenmin=2 \righthyphenmin=3 set below
% \globaldefs=0
% \maxdeadcycles=25 % INITEX does this
% \hangafter=1 % INITEX does this, also TeX after each paragraph
% \fam=0
% \mag=1000 % INITEX does this
% \escapechar=`\\ % INITEX does this
% \begin{macrocode}
\defaulthyphenchar=`\-
\defaultskewchar=-1
% \end{macrocode}
% \endlinechar=`\^^M % INITEX does this
% \newlinechar=-1 \LaTeX\ sets this in ltdefns.dtx.
% \begin{macrocode}
\delimiterfactor=901
% \end{macrocode}
% \time=now % TeX does this at beginning of job
% \day=now % TeX does this at beginning of job
% \month=now % TeX does this at beginning of job
% \year=now % TeX does this at beginning of job
%
% \end{oldcomments}
% In \LaTeX{} we don't want box information in the transcript
% unless we do a full tracing.
% \changes{v1.0g}{1994/04/28}{Turn off overfull box tracing in log}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\showboxbreadth=-1
\showboxdepth=-1
\errorcontextlines=-1
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\hfuzz=0.1pt
\vfuzz=0.1pt
\overfullrule=5pt
\maxdepth=4pt
\splitmaxdepth=\maxdimen
\boxmaxdepth=\maxdimen
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{oldcomments}
% \lineskiplimit=0pt, changed by \normalbaselines
% \begin{macrocode}
\delimitershortfall=5pt
\nulldelimiterspace=1.2pt
\scriptspace=0.5pt
% \end{macrocode}
% \mathsurround=0pt
% \predisplaysize=0pt, set before TeX enters $$
% \displaywidth=0pt, set before TeX enters $$
% \displayindent=0pt, set before TeX enters $$
% \begin{macrocode}
\parindent=20pt
% \end{macrocode}
% \hangindent=0pt, zeroed by TeX after each paragraph
% \hoffset=0pt
% \voffset=0pt
%
% \baselineskip=0pt, changed by \normalbaselines
% \lineskip=0pt, changed by \normalbaselines
% \begin{macrocode}
\parskip=0pt plus 1pt
\abovedisplayskip=12pt plus 3pt minus 9pt
\abovedisplayshortskip=0pt plus 3pt
\belowdisplayskip=12pt plus 3pt minus 9pt
\belowdisplayshortskip=7pt plus 3pt minus 4pt
% \end{macrocode}
% \leftskip=0pt
% \rightskip=0pt
% \begin{macrocode}
\topskip=10pt
\splittopskip=10pt
% \end{macrocode}
% \tabskip=0pt
% \spaceskip=0pt
% \xspaceskip=0pt
% \begin{macrocode}
\parfillskip=0pt plus 1fil
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{oldcomments}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{\normalbaselineskip}
% \begin{macro}{\normallineskip}
% \begin{macro}{\normallineskiplimit}
% We also define special registers that function like parameters:
% \begin{macrocode}
\newskip\normalbaselineskip \normalbaselineskip=12pt
\newskip\normallineskip \normallineskip=1pt
\newdimen\normallineskiplimit \normallineskiplimit=0pt
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\interfootlinepenalty}
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcount\interfootnotelinepenalty \interfootnotelinepenalty=100
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% Definitions for preloaded fonts
%
% \begin{macro}{\magstephalf}
% \begin{macro}{\magstep}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\magstephalf{1095 }
\def\magstep#1{\ifcase#1 \@m\or 1200\or 1440\or 1728\or
2074\or 2488\fi\relax}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% Macros for setting ordinary text
%
% \begin{macro}{\frenchspacing}
% \begin{macro}{\nonfrenchspacing}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\frenchspacing{\sfcode`\.\@m \sfcode`\?\@m \sfcode`\!\@m
\sfcode`\:\@m \sfcode`\;\@m \sfcode`\,\@m}
\def\nonfrenchspacing{\sfcode`\.3000\sfcode`\?3000\sfcode`\!3000%
\sfcode`\:2000\sfcode`\;1500\sfcode`\,1250 }
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\normalbaselines}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\normalbaselines{\lineskip\normallineskip
\baselineskip\normalbaselineskip \lineskiplimit\normallineskiplimit}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\M}
% \begin{macro}{\I}
% \changes{v1.1m}{1995/09/01}{Use \cs{let} to save space}
% Save a bit of space by using |\let| here.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\^^M{\ } % control <return> = control <space>
\let\^^I\^^M % same for <tab>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\lq}
% \begin{macro}{\rq}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\lq{`}
\def\rq{'}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\lbrack}
% \begin{macro}{\rbrack}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\lbrack{[}
\def\rbrack{]}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\aa}
% \begin{macro}{\AA}
% These are not from plain.tex but they are similar to other commands
% found here and nowhere else, being alternate input forms for
% characters.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def \aa {\r a}
\def \AA {\r A}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\endgraf}
% \begin{macro}{\endline}
% \begin{macrocode}
\let\endgraf=\par
\let\endline=\cr
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\space}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\space{ }
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\empty}
% \changes{v1.1m}{1995/09/01}{Use \cs{let} to save space}
% This probably ought to go altogether, but let it to the \LaTeX\
% version to save space.
% \begin{macrocode}
\let\empty\@empty
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\null}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\null{\hbox{}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\bgroup}
% \begin{macro}{\egroup}
% \begin{macrocode}
\let\bgroup={
\let\egroup=}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\obeylines}
% \begin{macro}{\obeyspaces}
% In |\obeylines|, we say |\let^^M=\par| instead of |\def^^M{\par}|
% since this allows, for example, |\let\par=\cr \obeylines \halign{...|
% \begin{macrocode}
{\catcode`\^^M=\active % these lines must end with %
\gdef\obeylines{\catcode`\^^M\active \let^^M\par}%
\global\let^^M\par} % this is in case ^^M appears in a \write
\def\obeyspaces{\catcode`\ \active}
{\obeyspaces\global\let =\space}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\loop}
% \changes{v1.0h}{1994/05/16}{Use Kabelschacht method}
% \begin{macro}{\iterate}
% \changes{v1.1b}{1994/11/10}
% {(CAR) added extra \cs{relax}}
% \changes{v1.1m}{1994/05/26}
% {(CAR) added \cs{long}}
% \begin{macro}{\repeat}
% We use Kabelschacht's method of doing loops, see TUB 8\#2 (1987).
% (unless that breaks something :-). It turned out to need an
% extra |\relax|: see pr/642 (|\loop| could do one iteration too much
% in certain cases).
% \begin{macrocode}
\long\def \loop #1\repeat{%
\def\iterate{#1\relax % Extra \relax
\expandafter\iterate\fi
}%
\iterate
\let\iterate\relax
}
% \end{macrocode}
% This setting of |\repeat| is needed to make |\loop...\if...\repeat|
% skippable within another |\if...|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\let\repeat=\fi
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \LaTeX\ defines |\smallskip|, etc.\ in |ltspace.dtx|.
%
% \begin{macro}{\nointerlineskip}
% \begin{macro}{\offinterlineskip}
% \changes{v1.1n}{1995/07/02}{Replaced 1000 by \cs{@m}}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\nointerlineskip{\prevdepth-\@m\p@}
\def\offinterlineskip{\baselineskip-\@m\p@
\lineskip\z@ \lineskiplimit\maxdimen}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\vglue}
% \begin{macro}{\hglue}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\vglue{\afterassignment\vgl@\skip@=}
\def\vgl@{\par \dimen@\prevdepth \hrule \@height\z@
\nobreak\vskip\skip@ \prevdepth\dimen@}
\def\hglue{\afterassignment\hgl@\skip@=}
\def\hgl@{\leavevmode \count@\spacefactor \vrule \@width\z@
\nobreak\hskip\skip@ \spacefactor\count@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \LaTeX\ defines |~| in |ltdefns.dtx|.
%
% \begin{macro}{\slash}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\slash{/\penalty\exhyphenpenalty} % a `/' that acts like a `-'
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\break}
% \begin{macro}{\nobreak}
% \begin{macro}{\allowbreak}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\break{\penalty-\@M}
\def\nobreak{\penalty \@M}
\def\allowbreak{\penalty \z@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\filbreak}
% \begin{macro}{\goodbreak}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\filbreak{\par\vfil\penalty-200\vfilneg}
\def\goodbreak{\par\penalty-500 }
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\eject}
% \changes{v1.1s}{1995/10/17}{Move \cs{supereject} to compat file}
% Define |\eject| as in plain \TeX\ but define |\supereject| only in
% the compatibility file.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\eject{\par\break}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\removelastskip}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\removelastskip{\ifdim\lastskip=\z@\else\vskip-\lastskip\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\smallbreak}
% \begin{macro}{\medbreak}
% \begin{macro}{\bigbreak}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\smallbreak{\par\ifdim\lastskip<\smallskipamount
\removelastskip\penalty-50\smallskip\fi}
\def\medbreak{\par\ifdim\lastskip<\medskipamount
\removelastskip\penalty-100\medskip\fi}
\def\bigbreak{\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount
\removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\m@th}
% \changes{v1.0h}{1994/05/16}{Remove unnecssary space}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\m@th{\mathsurround\z@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\underbar}
% Due to \LaTeX's redefinition of |\underline| plain \TeX's
% |\underbar| can be done in a simpler fashion (but do we
% need it at all?).
% \changes{v1.1m}{1994/05/26}
% {(CAR/FMi) changed to use box \cs{tw@}}
% \changes{v1.1p}{1994/05/26}
% {(DPC) changed to use \cs{sbox}}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\underbar#1{\underline{\sbox\tw@{#1}\dp\tw@\z@\box\tw@}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\strutbox}
% \begin{macro}{\strut}
% \LaTeX\ sets |\strutbox| in |\set@fontsize|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newbox\strutbox
\def\strut{\relax\ifmmode\copy\strutbox\else\unhcopy\strutbox\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\hidewidth}
% For alignment entries that can stick out.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\hidewidth{\hskip\hideskip}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \changes{v1.0h}{1994/05/16}{Remove unnecessary def for \cs{item}}
% \changes{v1.1i}{1995/04/27}
% {Move \cs{hang} and \cs{textindent} to latex209.def}
% \changes{RmS}{1991/11/04}{Removed \cs{itemitem} since never
% needed/useful with \LaTeX.}
%
% \begin{macro}{\narrower}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\narrower{%
\advance\leftskip\parindent
\advance\rightskip\parindent}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \changes{v1.1c}{1994/11/12}{Comment out more encoding specific
% commands}
% \LaTeX\ defines |\ae| and similar commands elsewhere.
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\chardef\%=`\%
\chardef\&=`\&
\chardef\#=`\#
% \end{macrocode}
%
% Most text commands are actually encoding specific and therefore
% defined later, so commented out or removed from this file.
% \changes{v1.0h}{1994/05/16}{Comment out encoding specific commands}
%
% \begin{macro}{\leavevmode}
% begins a paragraph, if necessary
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\leavevmode{\unhbox\voidb@x}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\mathhexbox}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\mathhexbox#1#2#3{\mbox{$\m@th \mathchar"#1#2#3$}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{\ialign}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\ialign{\everycr{}\tabskip\z@skip\halign} % initialized \halign
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\oalign}
% \begin{macro}{\o@lign}
% \begin{macro}{\ooalign}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\oalign#1{\leavevmode\vtop{\baselineskip\z@skip \lineskip.25ex%
\ialign{##\crcr#1\crcr}}}
\def\o@lign{\lineskiplimit\z@ \oalign}
\def\ooalign{\lineskiplimit-\maxdimen \oalign}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\sh@ft}
% \changes{v1.1t}{1996/07/26}{replace \cs{dimen}\cs{z@} by
% \cs{dimen@}}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\sh@ft#1{\[email protected]#1ex\multiply\dimen@\fontdimen1\font
\kern-.0156\dimen@} % compensate for slant in lowered accents
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \LaTeX\ change: |\d|, |\b|, |\c|, |\copyright|, |\TeX|
% defined elsewhere.
%
% \changes{LaTeX2e}
% {1993/11/29}{All accents in decimals; suggested by Paul Taylor}
% \changes{v1.0d}{1994/04/12}
% {Define \cs{@acci}}
% \changes{v1.0h}{1994/05/16}{Remove \cs{@acci} and friends again}
%
% \LaTeX{} change: Make |\t| work in a moving argument.
% Now defined elsewhere.
%
% \begin{macro}{\hrulefill}
% \begin{macro}{\dotfill}
% \LaTeX\ change: |\kern\z@| added to end of
% |\hrulefill| and |\dotfill|
% to make them work in `tabular' and `array' environments.
% (Change made 24 July 1987).
% \LaTeX\ change: |\leavevmode| added at begining of
% |\dotfill| and |\hrulefill|
% so that they work as expected in vertical mode.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\hrulefill{\leavevmode\leaders\hrule\hfill\kern\z@}
% \end{macrocode}
% The box in |\dotfill| originally contained (in plain.tex):
% |\mkern 1.5mu .\mkern 1.5mu|; the width of .44em differs from this
% by .04pt which is probably an acceptable difference within leaders.
% \changes{v1.1u}{1996/10/28}{Removed math mode}
% \changes{v1.1v}{1996/10/29}{Got arithmetic correct (CAR)}
% \changes{v1.1w}{1996/11/03}{Saved tokens by using \cs{hb@xt@}}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\dotfill{%
\leavevmode
\cleaders \hb@xt@ .44em{\hss.\hss}\hfill
\kern\z@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% INITEX sets |\sfcode x=1000| for all x, except that |\sfcode`X=999|
% for uppercase letters. The following changes are needed:
% \begin{macrocode}
\sfcode`\)=0 \sfcode`\'=0 \sfcode`\]=0
% \end{macrocode}
% The |\nonfrenchspacing| macro will make further changes to
% |\sfcode| values.
%
%
% Definitions related to output
%
%
% \changes{v1.1k}{1995/05/22}{Definitions of \cs{footins} and
% \cs{footnoterule} moved to ltfloat.}
%
%
% |\magnification| doesn't work in \LaTeX.
%\begin{verbatim}
%\def\magnification{\afterassignment\m@g\count@}
%\def\m@g{\mag\count@
% \hsize6.5truein\vsize8.9truein\dimen\footins8truein}
%\end{verbatim}
%
% \begin{macro}{\showoverfull}
% \changes{v0.1k ltfinal}{1994/05/19}{used \cs{@ne} not 1}
% The following commands are used in debugging:
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\showoverfull{\tracingonline\@ne}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\showoutput}
% \changes{v0.1k ltfinal}{1994/05/19}
% {used \cs{maxdimen} not 99999}
% \changes{v1.1n}{1995/07/02}{Use \cs{showoverfull} to save space}
% \begin{macrocode}
%</2ekernel|autoload>
%<*2ekernel|autoerr>
\gdef\showoutput{\tracingoutput\@ne
\showboxbreadth\maxdimen\showboxdepth\maxdimen\errorstopmode
\showoverfull}
%</2ekernel|autoerr>
%<autoload>\def\showoutput{\@autoerr\showoutput}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{\tracingall}
% \changes{LaTeX209}{1991/08/26}{Added
% \cs{errorcontextlines}!=\cs{maxdimen}, suggested by J. Schrod}
% \changes{v1.1n}{1995/07/02}{Use \cs{showoutput} to save space}
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*2ekernel|autoerr>
\gdef\tracingall{\tracingcommands\tw@\tracingstats\tw@
\tracingpages\@ne\tracinglostchars\@ne
\tracingmacros\tw@\tracingparagraphs\@ne\tracingrestores\@ne
\errorcontextlines\maxdimen\showoutput}
%</2ekernel|autoerr>
%<autoload>\def\tracingall{\@autoerr\tracingall}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \LaTeX\ change: |\showhyphens| Defined later.
%
% Punctuation affects the spacing.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*2ekernel|autoload>
\nonfrenchspacing
%</2ekernel|autoload>
% \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \Finale
%
|
