#! /usr/bin/env python
"""Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling Web browsers."""
# Maintained by Georg Brandl.
import os
import shlex
import sys
import stat
import subprocess
import time
__all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"]
class Error(Exception):
pass
_browsers = {} # Dictionary of available browser controllers
_tryorder = [] # Preference order of available browsers
def register(name, klass, instance=None, update_tryorder=1):
"""Register a browser connector and, optionally, connection."""
_browsers[name.lower()] = [klass, instance]
if update_tryorder > 0:
_tryorder.append(name)
elif update_tryorder < 0:
_tryorder.insert(0, name)
def get(using=None):
"""Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment."""
if using is not None:
alternatives = [using]
else:
alternatives = _tryorder
for browser in alternatives:
if '%s' in browser:
# User gave us a command line, split it into name and args
browser = shlex.split(browser)
if browser[-1] == '&':
return BackgroundBrowser(browser[:-1])
else:
return GenericBrowser(browser)
else:
# User gave us a browser name or path.
try:
command = _browsers[browser.lower()]
except KeyError:
command = _synthesize(browser)
if command[1] is not None:
return command[1]
elif command[0] is not None:
return command[0]()
raise Error("could not locate runnable browser")
# Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function.
# It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url)
# instead of "from webbrowser import *".
def open(url, new=0, autoraise=True):
for name in _tryorder:
browser = get(name)
if browser.open(url, new, autoraise):
return True
return False
def open_new(url):
return open(url, 1)
def open_new_tab(url):
return open(url, 2)
def _synthesize(browser, update_tryorder=1):
"""Attempt to synthesize a controller base on existing controllers.
This is useful to create a controller when a user specifies a path to
an entry in the BROWSER environment variable -- we can copy a general
controller to operate using a specific installation of the desired
browser in this way.
If we can't create a controller in this way, or if there is no
executable for the requested browser, return [None, None].
"""
cmd = browser.split()[0]
if not _iscommand(cmd):
return [None, None]
name = os.path.basename(cmd)
try:
command = _browsers[name.lower()]
except KeyError:
return [None, None]
# now attempt to clone to fit the new name:
controller = command[1]
if controller and name.lower() == controller.basename:
import copy
controller = copy.copy(controller)
controller.name = browser
controller.basename = os.path.basename(browser)
register(browser, None, controller, update_tryorder)
return [None, controller]
return [None, None]
if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
def _isexecutable(cmd):
cmd = cmd.lower()
if os.path.isfile(cmd) and cmd.endswith((".exe", ".bat")):
return True
for ext in ".exe", ".bat":
if os.path.isfile(cmd + ext):
return True
return False
else:
def _isexecutable(cmd):
if os.path.isfile(cmd):
mode = os.stat(cmd)[stat.ST_MODE]
if mode & stat.S_IXUSR or mode & stat.S_IXGRP or mode & stat.S_IXOTH:
return True
return False
def _iscommand(cmd):
"""Return True if cmd is executable or can be found on the executable
search path."""
if _isexecutable(cmd):
return True
path = os.environ.get("PATH")
if not path:
return False
for d in path.split(os.pathsep):
exe = os.path.join(d, cmd)
if _isexecutable(exe):
return True
return False
# General parent classes
class BaseBrowser(object):
"""Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly."""
args = ['%s']
def __init__(self, name=""):
self.name = name
self.basename = name
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
raise NotImplementedError
def open_new(self, url):
return self.open(url, 1)
def open_new_tab(self, url):
return self.open(url, 2)
class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser):
"""Class for all browsers started with a command
and without remote functionality."""
def __init__(self, name):
if isinstance(name, basestring):
self.name = name
self.args = ["%s"]
else:
# name should be a list with arguments
self.name = name[0]
self.args = name[1:]
self.basename = os.path.basename(self.name)
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
for arg in self.args]
try:
if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
else:
p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True)
return not p.wait()
except OSError:
return False
class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser):
"""Class for all browsers which are to be started in the
background."""
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
for arg in self.args]
try:
if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
else:
setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
if not setsid:
setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, preexec_fn=setsid)
return (p.poll() is None)
except OSError:
return False
class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser):
"""Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality."""
raise_opts = None
remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
remote_action = None
remote_action_newwin = None
remote_action_newtab = None
background = False
redirect_stdout = True
def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise):
raise_opt = []
if remote and self.raise_opts:
# use autoraise argument only for remote invocation
autoraise = int(autoraise)
opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise]
if opt: raise_opt = [opt]
cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args
if remote or self.background:
inout = file(os.devnull, "r+")
else:
# for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out
inout = None
# if possible, put browser in separate process group, so
# keyboard interrupts don't affect browser as well as Python
setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
if not setsid:
setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, stdin=inout,
stdout=(self.redirect_stdout and inout or None),
stderr=inout, preexec_fn=setsid)
if remote:
# wait five seconds. If the subprocess is not finished, the
# remote invocation has (hopefully) started a new instance.
time.sleep(1)
rc = p.poll()
if rc is None:
time.sleep(4)
rc = p.poll()
if rc is None:
return True
# if remote call failed, open() will try direct invocation
return not rc
elif self.background:
if p.poll() is None:
return True
else:
return False
else:
return not p.wait()
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
if new == 0:
action = self.remote_action
elif new == 1:
action = self.remote_action_newwin
elif new == 2:
if self.remote_action_newtab is None:
action = self.remote_action_newwin
else:
action = self.remote_action_newtab
else:
raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); " +
"expected 0, 1, or 2, got %s" % new)
args = [arg.replace("%s", url).replace("%action", action)
for arg in self.remote_args]
success = self._invoke(args, True, autoraise)
if not success:
# remote invocation failed, try straight way
args = [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args]
return self._invoke(args, False, False)
else:
return True
class Mozilla(UnixBrowser):
"""Launcher class for Mozilla/Netscape browsers."""
raise_opts = ["-noraise", "-raise"]
remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
remote_action = ""
remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
background = True
Netscape = Mozilla
class Galeon(UnixBrowser):
"""Launcher class for Galeon/Epiphany browsers."""
raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
remote_action = "-n"
remote_action_newwin = "-w"
background = True
class Chrome(UnixBrowser):
"Launcher class for Google Chrome browser."
remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
remote_action = ""
remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
remote_action_newtab = ""
background = True
Chromium = Chrome
class Opera(UnixBrowser):
"Launcher class for Opera browser."
raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
remote_action = ""
remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
remote_action_newtab = ",new-page"
background = True
class Elinks(UnixBrowser):
"Launcher class for Elinks browsers."
remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
remote_action = ""
remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
background = False
# elinks doesn't like its stdout to be redirected -
# it uses redirected stdout as a signal to do -dump
redirect_stdout = False
class Konqueror(BaseBrowser):
"""Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror).
See the output of ``kfmclient --commands``
for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface.
"""
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
# XXX Currently I know no way to prevent KFM from opening a new win.
if new == 2:
action = "newTab"
else:
action = "openURL"
devnull = file(os.devnull, "r+")
# if possible, put browser in separate process group, so
# keyboard interrupts don't affect browser as well as Python
setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
if not setsid:
setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
try:
p = subprocess.Popen(["kfmclient", action, url],
close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
except OSError:
# fall through to next variant
pass
else:
p.wait()
# kfmclient's return code unfortunately has no meaning as it seems
return True
try:
p = subprocess.Popen(["konqueror", "--silent", url],
close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
preexec_fn=setsid)
except OSError:
# fall through to next variant
pass
else:
if p.poll() is None:
# Should be running now.
return True
try:
p = subprocess.Popen(["kfm", "-d", url],
close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
preexec_fn=setsid)
except OSError:
return False
else:
return (p.poll() is None)
class Grail(BaseBrowser):
# There should be a way to maintain a connection to Grail, but the
# Grail remote control protocol doesn't really allow that at this
# point. It probably never will!
def _find_grail_rc(self):
import glob
import pwd
import socket
import tempfile
tempdir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(),
".grail-unix")
user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
filename = os.path.join(tempdir, user + "-*")
maybes = glob.glob(filename)
if not maybes:
return None
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
for fn in maybes:
# need to PING each one until we find one that's live
try:
s.connect(fn)
except socket.error:
# no good; attempt to clean it out, but don't fail:
try:
os.unlink(fn)
except IOError:
pass
else:
return s
def _remote(self, action):
s = self._find_grail_rc()
if not s:
return 0
s.send(action)
s.close()
return 1
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
if new:
ok = self._remote("LOADNEW " + url)
else:
ok = self._remote("LOAD " + url)
return ok
#
# Platform support for Unix
#
# These are the right tests because all these Unix browsers require either
# a console terminal or an X display to run.
def register_X_browsers():
# use xdg-open if around
if _iscommand("xdg-open"):
register("xdg-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("xdg-open"))
# The default GNOME3 browser
if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and _iscommand("gvfs-open"):
register("gvfs-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gvfs-open"))
# The default GNOME browser
if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and _iscommand("gnome-open"):
register("gnome-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gnome-open"))
# The default KDE browser
if "KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ and _iscommand("kfmclient"):
register("kfmclient", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfmclient"))
if _iscommand("x-www-browser"):
register("x-www-browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("x-www-browser"))
# The Mozilla/Netscape browsers
for browser in ("mozilla-firefox", "firefox",
"mozilla-firebird", "firebird",
"iceweasel", "iceape",
"seamonkey", "mozilla", "netscape"):
if _iscommand(browser):
register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser))
# Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser.
if _iscommand("kfm"):
register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm"))
elif _iscommand("konqueror"):
register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror"))
# Gnome's Galeon and Epiphany
for browser in ("galeon", "epiphany"):
if _iscommand(browser):
register(browser, None, Galeon(browser))
# Skipstone, another Gtk/Mozilla based browser
if _iscommand("skipstone"):
register("skipstone", None, BackgroundBrowser("skipstone"))
# Google Chrome/Chromium browsers
for browser in ("google-chrome", "chrome", "chromium", "chromium-browser"):
if _iscommand(browser):
register(browser, None, Chrome(browser))
# Opera, quite popular
if _iscommand("opera"):
register("opera", None, Opera("opera"))
# Next, Mosaic -- old but still in use.
if _iscommand("mosaic"):
register("mosaic", None, BackgroundBrowser("mosaic"))
# Grail, the Python browser. Does anybody still use it?
if _iscommand("grail"):
register("grail", Grail, None)
# Prefer X browsers if present
if os.environ.get("DISPLAY"):
register_X_browsers()
# Also try console browsers
if os.environ.get("TERM"):
if _iscommand("www-browser"):
register("www-browser", None, GenericBrowser("www-browser"))
# The Links/elinks browsers <http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/links/>
if _iscommand("links"):
register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links"))
if _iscommand("elinks"):
register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks"))
# The Lynx browser <http://lynx.isc.org/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
if _iscommand("lynx"):
register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx"))
# The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/>
if _iscommand("w3m"):
register("w3m", None, GenericBrowser("w3m"))
#
# Platform support for Windows
#
if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser):
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
try:
os.startfile(url)
except WindowsError:
# [Error 22] No application is associated with the specified
# file for this operation: '<URL>'
return False
else:
return True
_tryorder = []
_browsers = {}
# First try to use the default Windows browser
register("windows-default", WindowsDefault)
# Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to IE
iexplore = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"),
"Internet Explorer\\IEXPLORE.EXE")
for browser in ("firefox", "firebird", "seamonkey", "mozilla",
"netscape", "opera", iexplore):
if _iscommand(browser):
register(browser, None, BackgroundBrowser(browser))
#
# Platform support for MacOS
#
if sys.platform == 'darwin':
# Adapted from patch submitted to SourceForge by Steven J. Burr
class MacOSX(BaseBrowser):
"""Launcher class for Aqua browsers on Mac OS X
Optionally specify a browser name on instantiation. Note that this
will not work for Aqua browsers if the user has moved the application
package after installation.
If no browser is specified, the default browser, as specified in the
Internet System Preferences panel, will be used.
"""
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
assert "'" not in url
# hack for local urls
if not ':' in url:
url = 'file:'+url
# new must be 0 or 1
new = int(bool(new))
if self.name == "default":
# User called open, open_new or get without a browser parameter
script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
else:
# User called get and chose a browser
if self.name == "OmniWeb":
toWindow = ""
else:
# Include toWindow parameter of OpenURL command for browsers
# that support it. 0 == new window; -1 == existing
toWindow = "toWindow %d" % (new - 1)
cmd = 'OpenURL "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22')
script = '''tell application "%s"
activate
%s %s
end tell''' % (self.name, cmd, toWindow)
# Open pipe to AppleScript through osascript command
osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
if osapipe is None:
return False
# Write script to osascript's stdin
osapipe.write(script)
rc = osapipe.close()
return not rc
class MacOSXOSAScript(BaseBrowser):
def __init__(self, name):
self._name = name
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
if self._name == 'default':
script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
else:
script = '''
tell application "%s"
activate
open location "%s"
end
'''%(self._name, url.replace('"', '%22'))
osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
if osapipe is None:
return False
osapipe.write(script)
rc = osapipe.close()
return not rc
# Don't clear _tryorder or _browsers since OS X can use above Unix support
# (but we prefer using the OS X specific stuff)
register("safari", None, MacOSXOSAScript('safari'), -1)
register("firefox", None, MacOSXOSAScript('firefox'), -1)
register("MacOSX", None, MacOSXOSAScript('default'), -1)
#
# Platform support for OS/2
#
if sys.platform[:3] == "os2" and _iscommand("netscape"):
_tryorder = []
_browsers = {}
register("os2netscape", None,
GenericBrowser(["start", "netscape", "%s"]), -1)
# OK, now that we know what the default preference orders for each
# platform are, allow user to override them with the BROWSER variable.
if "BROWSER" in os.environ:
_userchoices = os.environ["BROWSER"].split(os.pathsep)
_userchoices.reverse()
# Treat choices in same way as if passed into get() but do register
# and prepend to _tryorder
for cmdline in _userchoices:
if cmdline != '':
cmd = _synthesize(cmdline, -1)
if cmd[1] is None:
register(cmdline, None, GenericBrowser(cmdline), -1)
cmdline = None # to make del work if _userchoices was empty
del cmdline
del _userchoices
# what to do if _tryorder is now empty?
def main():
import getopt
usage = """Usage: %s [-n | -t] url
-n: open new window
-t: open new tab""" % sys.argv[0]
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ntd')
except getopt.error, msg:
print >>sys.stderr, msg
print >>sys.stderr, usage
sys.exit(1)
new_win = 0
for o, a in opts:
if o == '-n': new_win = 1
elif o == '-t': new_win = 2
if len(args) != 1:
print >>sys.stderr, usage
sys.exit(1)
url = args[0]
open(url, new_win)
print "\a"
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
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