<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="Author" content="Dean Herington">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="HUnit, unit testing, test-first development, Haskell, JUnit">
<meta name="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<title>HUnit 1.0 User's Guide</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>HUnit 1.0 User's Guide</h1>
HUnit is a unit testing framework for Haskell, inspired by the JUnit
tool for Java. This guide describes how to use HUnit, assuming
you are familiar with Haskell, though not necessarily with
JUnit. You can obtain HUnit, including this guide, at
<a href="http://hunit.sourceforge.net">http://hunit.sourceforge.net</a>.
<h2>Introduction</h2>
A test-centered methodology for software development is most effective
when tests are easy to create, change, and execute. The <a
href="http://www.junit.org">JUnit</a> tool pioneered support for
test-first development in <a href="http://java.sun.com">Java</a>.
HUnit is an adaptation of JUnit to Haskell, a general-purpose, purely
functional programming language. (To learn more about Haskell,
see <a href="http://www.haskell.org">http://www.haskell.org</a>.)
<p>
With HUnit, as with JUnit, you can easily create tests, name them,
group them into suites, and execute them, with the framework checking
the results automatically. Test specification in HUnit is even
more concise and flexible than in JUnit, thanks to the nature of the
Haskell language. HUnit currently includes only a text-based
test controller, but the framework is designed for easy
extension. (Would anyone care to write a graphical test
controller for HUnit?)
<p>
The next section helps you get started using HUnit in simple
ways. Subsequent sections give details on <a
href="#WritingTests">writing tests</a> and <a
href="#RunningTests">running tests</a>. The document concludes
with a section describing HUnit's <a
href="#ConstituentFiles">constituent files</a> and a section giving
<a href="#References">references</a> to further information.
<h2><a name="GettingStarted">Getting Started</a></h2>
In the Haskell module where your tests will reside, import module
<tt>Test.HUnit</tt>:
<pre>
import Test.HUnit
</pre>
Define test cases as appropriate:
<pre>
test1 = TestCase (assertEqual "for (foo 3)," (1,2) (foo 3))
test2 = TestCase (do (x,y) <- partA 3
assertEqual "for the first result of partA," 5 x
b <- partB y
assertBool ("(partB " ++ show y ++ ") failed") b)
</pre>
Name the test cases and group them together:
<pre>
tests = TestList [TestLabel "test1" test1, TestLabel "test2" test2]
</pre>
Run the tests as a group. At a Haskell interpreter prompt, apply
the function <tt>runTestTT</tt> to the collected tests. (The
"<tt>TT</tt>" suggests <b><u>t</u></b>ext orientation with output to
the <b><u>t</u></b>erminal.)
<pre>
> runTestTT tests
Cases: 2 Tried: 2 Errors: 0 Failures: 0
>
</pre>
If the tests are proving their worth, you might see:
<pre>
> runTestTT tests
### Failure in: 0:test1
for (foo 3),
expected: (1,2)
but got: (1,3)
Cases: 2 Tried: 2 Errors: 0 Failures: 1
>
</pre>
Isn't that easy?
<p>
You can specify tests even more succinctly using operators and
overloaded functions that HUnit provides:
<pre>
tests = test [ "test1" ~: "(foo 3)" ~: (1,2) ~=? (foo 3),
"test2" ~: do (x, y) <- partA 3
assertEqual "for the first result of partA," 5 x
partB y @? "(partB " ++ show y ++ ") failed" ]
</pre>
Assuming the same test failures as before, you would see:
<pre>
> runTestTT tests
### Failure in: 0:test1:(foo 3)
expected: (1,2)
but got: (1,3)
Cases: 2 Tried: 2 Errors: 0 Failures: 1
>
</pre>
<h2><a name="WritingTests"></a>Writing Tests</h2>
Tests are specified compositionally. <a
href="#Assertions">Assertions</a> are combined to make a <a
href="#TestCase">test case</a>, and test cases are combined into <a
href="#Tests">tests</a>. HUnit also provides <a
href="#AdvancedFeatures">advanced features</a> for more convenient
test specification.
<h3><a name="Assertions"></a>Assertions</h3>
The basic building block of a test is an <b>assertion</b>.
<pre>
type Assertion = IO ()
</pre>
An assertion is an <tt>IO</tt> computation that always produces a void
result. Why is an assertion an <tt>IO</tt> computation? So that
programs with real-world side effects can be tested. How does an
assertion assert anything if it produces no useful result? The answer
is that an assertion can signal failure by calling
<tt>assertFailure</tt>.
<pre>
assertFailure :: String -> Assertion
assertFailure msg = ioError (userError ("HUnit:" ++ msg))
</pre>
<tt>(assertFailure msg)</tt> raises an exception. The string
argument identifies the failure. The failure message is prefixed
by "<tt>HUnit:</tt>" to mark it as an HUnit assertion failure
message. The HUnit test framework interprets such an exception
as indicating failure of the test whose execution raised the
exception. (Note: The details concerning the implementation of
<tt>assertFailure</tt> are subject to change and should not be relied
upon.)
<p>
<tt>assertFailure</tt> can be used directly, but it is much more
common to use it indirectly through other assertion functions that
conditionally assert failure.
<pre>
assertBool :: String -> Bool -> Assertion
assertBool msg b = unless b (assertFailure msg)
assertString :: String -> Assertion
assertString s = unless (null s) (assertFailure s)
assertEqual :: (Eq a, Show a) => String -> a -> a -> Assertion
assertEqual preface expected actual =
unless (actual == expected) (assertFailure msg)
where msg = (if null preface then "" else preface ++ "\n") ++
"expected: " ++ show expected ++ "\n but got: " ++ show actual
</pre>
With <tt>assertBool</tt> you give the assertion condition and failure
message separately. With <tt>assertString</tt> the two are
combined. With <tt>assertEqual</tt> you provide a "preface", an
expected value, and an actual value; the failure message shows the two
unequal values and is prefixed by the preface. Additional ways
to create assertions are described later under <a
href="#AdvancedFeatures">Advanced Features</a>.
<p>
Since assertions are <tt>IO</tt> computations, they may be
combined--along with other <tt>IO</tt> computations--using
<tt>(>>=)</tt>, <tt>(>>)</tt>, and the <tt>do</tt> notation. As
long as its result is of type <tt>(IO ())</tt>, such a combination
constitutes a single, collective assertion, incorporating any number
of constituent assertions. The important features of such a
collective assertion are that it fails if any of its constituent
assertions is executed and fails, and that the first constituent
assertion to fail terminates execution of the collective
assertion. Such behavior is essential to specifying a test case.
<h3><a name="TestCase"></a>Test Case</h3>
A <b>test case</b> is the unit of test execution. That is,
distinct test cases are executed independently. The failure of
one is independent of the failure of any other.
<p>
A test case consists of a single, possibly collective,
assertion. The possibly multiple constituent assertions in a
test case's collective assertion are <b>not</b> independent.
Their interdependence may be crucial to specifying correct operation
for a test. A test case may involve a series of steps, each
concluding in an assertion, where each step must succeed in order for
the test case to continue. As another example, a test may
require some "set up" to be performed that must be undone ("torn down"
in JUnit parlance) once the test is complete. In this case, you
could use Haskell's <tt>IO.bracket</tt> function to achieve the
desired effect.
<p>
You can make a test case from an assertion by applying the
<tt>TestCase</tt> constructor. For example,
<tt>(TestCase (return ()))</tt> is a test case that never
fails, and
<tt>(TestCase (assertEqual "for x," 3 x))</tt>
is a test case that checks that the value of <tt>x</tt> is 3.
Additional ways to create test cases are described later under
<a href="#AdvancedFeatures">Advanced Features</a>.
<h3><a name="Tests"></a>Tests</h3>
As soon as you have more than one test, you'll want to name them to
tell them apart. As soon as you have more than several tests,
you'll want to group them to process them more easily. So,
naming and grouping are the two keys to managing collections of tests.
<p>
In tune with the "composite" design pattern [<a
href="#DesignPatterns">1</a>], a <b>test</b> is defined as a package
of test cases. Concretely, a test is either a single test case,
a group of tests, or either of the first two identified by a label.
<pre>
data Test = TestCase Assertion
| TestList [Test]
| TestLabel String Test
</pre>
There are three important features of this definition to note:
<ul>
<li>
A <tt>TestList</tt> consists of a list of tests rather than a list of
test cases. This means that the structure of a <tt>Test</tt> is
actually a tree. Using a hierarchy helps organize tests just as
it helps organize files in a file system.
</li>
<li>
A <tt>TestLabel</tt> is attached to a test rather than to a test
case. This means that all nodes in the test tree, not just test
case (leaf) nodes, can be labeled. Hierarchical naming helps
organize tests just as it helps organize files in a file system.
</li>
<li>
A <tt>TestLabel</tt> is separate from both <tt>TestCase</tt> and
<tt>TestList</tt>. This means that labeling is optional
everywhere in the tree. Why is this a good thing? Because of
the hierarchical structure of a test, each constituent test case is
uniquely identified by its path in the tree, ignoring all
labels. Sometimes a test case's path (or perhaps its subpath
below a certain node) is a perfectly adequate "name" for the test case
(perhaps relative to a certain node). In this case, creating a
label for the test case is both unnecessary and inconvenient.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
The number of test cases that a test comprises can be computed with
<tt>testCaseCount</tt>.
<pre>
testCaseCount :: Test -> Int
</pre>
<p>
As mentioned above, a test is identified by its <b>path</b> in the
test hierarchy.
<pre>
data Node = ListItem Int | Label String
deriving (Eq, Show, Read)
type Path = [Node] -- Node order is from test case to root.
</pre>
Each occurrence of <tt>TestList</tt> gives rise to a <tt>ListItem</tt>
and each occurrence of <tt>TestLabel</tt> gives rise to a
<tt>Label</tt>. The <tt>ListItem</tt>s by themselves ensure
uniqueness among test case paths, while the <tt>Label</tt>s allow you
to add mnemonic names for individual test cases and collections of
them.
<p>
Note that the order of nodes in a path is reversed from what you might
expect: The first node in the list is the one deepest in the
tree. This order is a concession to efficiency: It allows common
path prefixes to be shared.
<p>
The paths of the test cases that a test comprises can be computed with
<tt>testCasePaths</tt>. The paths are listed in the order in
which the corresponding test cases would be executed.
<pre>
testCasePaths :: Test -> [Path]
</pre>
<p>
The three variants of <tt>Test</tt> can be constructed simply by
applying <tt>TestCase</tt>, <tt>TestList</tt>, and <tt>TestLabel</tt>
to appropriate arguments. Additional ways to create tests are
described later under <a href="#AdvancedFeatures">Advanced
Features</a>.
<p>
The design of the type <tt>Test</tt> provides great conciseness,
flexibility, and convenience in specifying tests. Moreover, the
nature of Haskell significantly augments these qualities:
<ul>
<li>
Combining assertions and other code to construct test cases is easy
with the <tt>IO</tt> monad.
</li>
<li>
Using overloaded functions and special operators (see below),
specification of assertions and tests is extremely compact.
</li>
<li>
Structuring a test tree by value, rather than by name as in JUnit,
provides for more convenient, flexible, and robust test suite
specification. In particular, a test suite can more easily be
computed "on the fly" than in other test frameworks.
</li>
<li>
Haskell's powerful abstraction facilities provide unmatched support
for test refactoring.
</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="AdvancedFeatures"></a>Advanced Features</h3>
HUnit provides additional features for specifying assertions and tests
more conveniently and concisely. These facilities make use of
Haskell type classes.
<p>
The following operators can be used to construct assertions.
<pre>
infix 1 @?, @=?, @?=
(@?) :: (AssertionPredicable t) => t -> String -> Assertion
pred @? msg = assertionPredicate pred >>= assertBool msg
(@=?) :: (Eq a, Show a) => a -> a -> Assertion
expected @=? actual = assertEqual "" expected actual
(@?=) :: (Eq a, Show a) => a -> a -> Assertion
actual @?= expected = assertEqual "" expected actual
</pre>
You provide a boolean condition and failure message separately to
<tt>(@?)</tt>, as for <tt>assertBool</tt>, but in a different
order. The <tt>(@=?)</tt> and <tt>(@?=)</tt> operators provide
shorthands for <tt>assertEqual</tt> when no preface is required.
They differ only in the order in which the expected and actual values
are provided. (The actual value--the uncertain one--goes on the
"?" side of the operator.)
<p>
The <tt>(@?)</tt> operator's first argument is something from which an
assertion predicate can be made, that is, its type must be
<tt>AssertionPredicable</tt>.
<pre>
type AssertionPredicate = IO Bool
class AssertionPredicable t
where assertionPredicate :: t -> AssertionPredicate
instance AssertionPredicable Bool
where assertionPredicate = return
instance (AssertionPredicable t) => AssertionPredicable (IO t)
where assertionPredicate = (>>= assertionPredicate)
</pre>
The overloaded <tt>assert</tt> function in the <tt>Assertable</tt>
type class constructs an assertion.
<pre>
class Assertable t
where assert :: t -> Assertion
instance Assertable ()
where assert = return
instance Assertable Bool
where assert = assertBool ""
instance (ListAssertable t) => Assertable [t]
where assert = listAssert
instance (Assertable t) => Assertable (IO t)
where assert = (>>= assert)
</pre>
The <tt>ListAssertable</tt> class allows <tt>assert</tt> to be applied
to <tt>[Char]</tt> (that is, <tt>String</tt>).
<pre>
class ListAssertable t
where listAssert :: [t] -> Assertion
instance ListAssertable Char
where listAssert = assertString
</pre>
With the above declarations, <tt>(assert ())</tt>,
<tt>(assert True)</tt>, and <tt>(assert "")</tt> (as well as
<tt>IO</tt> forms of these values, such as <tt>(return ())</tt>)
are all assertions that never fail, while <tt>(assert False)</tt>
and <tt>(assert "some failure message")</tt> (and their
<tt>IO</tt> forms) are assertions that always fail. You may
define additional instances for the type classes <tt>Assertable</tt>,
<tt>ListAssertable</tt>, and <tt>AssertionPredicable</tt> if that
should be useful in your application.
<p>
The overloaded <tt>test</tt> function in the <tt>Testable</tt> type
class constructs a test.
<pre>
class Testable t
where test :: t -> Test
instance Testable Test
where test = id
instance (Assertable t) => Testable (IO t)
where test = TestCase . assert
instance (Testable t) => Testable [t]
where test = TestList . map test
</pre>
The <tt>test</tt> function makes a test from either an
<tt>Assertion</tt> (using <tt>TestCase</tt>), a list of
<tt>Testable</tt> items (using <tt>TestList</tt>), or a <tt>Test</tt>
(making no change).
<p>
The following operators can be used to construct tests.
<pre>
infix 1 ~?, ~=?, ~?=
infixr 0 ~:
(~?) :: (AssertionPredicable t) => t -> String -> Test
pred ~? msg = TestCase (pred @? msg)
(~=?) :: (Eq a, Show a) => a -> a -> Test
expected ~=? actual = TestCase (expected @=? actual)
(~?=) :: (Eq a, Show a) => a -> a -> Test
actual ~?= expected = TestCase (actual @?= expected)
(~:) :: (Testable t) => String -> t -> Test
label ~: t = TestLabel label (test t)
</pre>
<tt>(~?)</tt>, <tt>(~=?)</tt>, and <tt>(~?=)</tt> each make an
assertion, as for <tt>(@?)</tt>, <tt>(@=?)</tt>, and <tt>(@?=)</tt>,
respectively, and then a test case from that assertion.
<tt>(~:)</tt> attaches a label to something that is
<tt>Testable</tt>. You may define additional instances for the
type class <tt>Testable</tt> should that be useful.
<h2><a name="RunningTests"></a>Running Tests</h2>
HUnit is structured to support multiple test controllers. The
first subsection below describes the <a href="#TestExecution">test
execution</a> characteristics common to all test controllers.
The second subsection describes the
<a href="#Text-BasedController">text-based controller</a> that is
included with HUnit.
<h3><a name="TestExecution">Test Execution</a></h3>
All test controllers share a common test execution model. They
differ only in how the results of test execution are shown.
<p>
The execution of a test (a value of type <tt>Test</tt>) involves the
serial execution (in the <tt>IO</tt> monad) of its constituent test
cases. The test cases are executed in a depth-first,
left-to-right order. During test execution, four counts of test
cases are maintained:
<pre>
data Counts = Counts { cases, tried, errors, failures :: Int }
deriving (Eq, Show, Read)
</pre>
<ul>
<li>
<tt>cases</tt> is the number of test cases included in the test.
This number is a static property of a test and remains unchanged
during test execution.
</li>
<li>
<tt>tried</tt> is the number of test cases that have been executed so
far during the test execution.
</li>
<li>
<tt>errors</tt> is the number of test cases whose execution ended with
an unexpected exception being raised. Errors indicate problems
with test cases, as opposed to the code under test.
</li>
<li>
<tt>failures</tt> is the number of test cases whose execution asserted
failure. Failures indicate problems with the code under test.
</li>
</ul>
Why is there no count for test case successes? The technical reason
is that the counts are maintained such that the number of test case
successes is always equal to
<tt>(tried - (errors + failures))</tt>. The
psychosocial reason is that, with test-centered development and the
expectation that test failures will be few and short-lived, attention
should be focused on the failures rather than the successes.
<p>
As test execution proceeds, three kinds of reporting event are
communicated to the test controller. (What the controller does
in response to the reporting events depends on the controller.)
<ul>
<li>
<i>start</i> --
Just prior to initiation of a test case, the path of the test case and
the current counts (excluding the current test case) are reported.
</li>
<li>
<i>error</i> --
When a test case terminates with an error, the error message is
reported, along with the test case path and current counts (including
the current test case).
</li>
<li>
<i>failure</i> --
When a test case terminates with a failure, the failure message is
reported, along with the test case path and current counts (including
the current test case).
</li>
</ul>
Typically, a test controller shows <i>error</i> and <i>failure</i>
reports immediately but uses the <i>start</i> report merely to update
an indication of overall test execution progress.
<h3><a name="Text-BasedController">Text-Based Controller</a></h3>
A text-based test controller is included with HUnit.
<pre>
runTestText :: PutText st -> Test -> IO (Counts, st)
</pre>
<tt>runTestText</tt> is generalized on a <i>reporting scheme</i> given
as its first argument. During execution of the test given as its
second argument, the controller creates a string for each reporting
event and processes it according to the reporting scheme. When
test execution is complete, the controller returns the final counts
along with the final state for the reporting scheme.
<p>
The strings for the three kinds of reporting event are as follows.
<ul>
<li>
A <i>start</i> report is the result of the function
<tt>showCounts</tt> applied to the counts current immediately prior to
initiation of the test case being started.
</li>
<li>
An <i>error</i> report is of the form
"<tt>Error in: <i>path</i>\n<i>message</i></tt>",
where <i>path</i> is the path of the test case in error, as shown by
<tt>showPath</tt>, and <i>message</i> is a message describing the
error. If the path is empty, the report has the form
"<tt>Error:\n<i>message</i></tt>".
</li>
<li>
A <i>failure</i> report is of the form
"<tt>Failure in: <i>path</i>\n<i>message</i></tt>", where
<i>path</i> is the path of the test case in error, as shown by
<tt>showPath</tt>, and <i>message</i> is the failure message. If
the path is empty, the report has the form
"<tt>Failure:\n<i>message</i></tt>".
</li>
</ul>
<p>
The function <tt>showCounts</tt> shows a set of counts.
<pre>
showCounts :: Counts -> String
</pre>
The form of its result is
"<tt>Cases: <i>cases</i> Tried: <i>tried</i> Errors: <i>errors</i> Failures: <i>failures</i></tt>"
where <i>cases</i>, <i>tried</i>, <i>errors</i>, and <i>failures</i>
are the count values.
<p>
The function <tt>showPath</tt> shows a test case path.
<pre>
showPath :: Path -> String
</pre>
The nodes in the path are reversed (so that the path reads from the
root down to the test case), and the representations for the nodes are
joined by '<tt>:</tt>' separators. The representation for
<tt>(ListItem <i>n</i>)</tt> is <tt>(show n)</tt>. The
representation for <tt>(Label <i>label</i>)</tt> is normally
<i>label</i>. However, if <i>label</i> contains a colon or if
<tt>(show <i>label</i>)</tt> is different from <i>label</i> surrounded
by quotation marks--that is, if any ambiguity could exist--then
<tt>(Label <i>label</i>)</tt> is represented as <tt>(show
<i>label</i>)</tt>.
<p>
HUnit includes two reporting schemes for the text-based test
controller. You may define others if you wish.
<pre>
putTextToHandle :: Handle -> Bool -> PutText Int
</pre>
<tt>putTextToHandle</tt> writes error and failure reports, plus a
report of the final counts, to the given handle. Each of these
reports is terminated by a newline. In addition, if the given
flag is <tt>True</tt>, it writes start reports to the handle as
well. A start report, however, is not terminated by a
newline. Before the next report is written, the start report is
"erased" with an appropriate sequence of carriage return and space
characters. Such overwriting realizes its intended effect on
terminal devices.
<pre>
putTextToShowS :: PutText ShowS
</pre>
<tt>putTextToShowS</tt> ignores start reports and simply accumulates
error and failure reports, terminating them with newlines. The
accumulated reports are returned (as the second element of the pair
returned by <tt>runTestText</tt>) as a <tt>ShowS</tt> function (that
is, one with type <tt>(String -> String)</tt>) whose first
argument is a string to be appended to the accumulated report lines.
<p>
HUnit provides a shorthand for the most common use of the text-based
test controller.
<pre>
runTestTT :: Test -> IO Counts
</pre>
<tt>runTestTT</tt> invokes <tt>runTestText</tt>, specifying
<tt>(putTextToHandle stderr True)</tt> for the reporting scheme, and
returns the final counts from the test execution.
<h2><a name="ConstituentFiles">Constituent Files</a></h2>
HUnit 1.0 consists of the following files.
<dl>
<dt> doc/Guide.html
<dd>
This document.
<dt> examples/Example.hs
<dd>
Haskell module that includes the examples given in the <a
href="#GettingStarted">Getting Started</a> section. Run this
program to make sure you understand how to use HUnit.
<dt> Test/HUnit.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that you import to use HUnit.
<dt> Test/HUnit/Base.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that defines HUnit's basic facilities.
<dt> Test/HUnit/Lang.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that defines how assertion failure is signaled and
caught. By default, it is a copy of
<tt>Test/HUnit/Lang98.lhs</tt>. Replace it by a copy of
<tt>Test/HUnit/LangExtended.lhs</tt> for more robust exception behavior.
<dt> Test/HUnit/Lang98.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that defines generic assertion failure handling.
It is compliant to Haskell 98 but catches only <tt>IO</tt> errors.
<dt> Test/HUnit/LangExtended.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that defines more robust assertion failure
handling. It catches more (though unfortunately not all) kinds
of exceptions. However, it works only with Hugs (Dec. 2001 or
later) and GHC (5.00 and later).
<dt> examples/test/HUnitTest98.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that tests HUnit, assuming the generic assertion
failure handling of <tt>HUnitLang98.lhs</tt>.
<dt> examples/test/HUnitTestBase.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that defines testing support and basic (Haskell 98
compliant) tests of HUnit (using HUnit, of course!). Contains
more extensive and advanced examples of testing with HUnit.
<dt> examples/test/HUnitTestExtended.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that tests HUnit, assuming the extended assertion
failure handling of <tt>HUnitLangExc.lhs</tt>.
<dt> Test/HUnit/Text.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that defines HUnit's text-based test controller.
<dt> LICENSE
<dd>
The license for use of HUnit.
<dt> Test/HUnit/Terminal.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that assists in checking the output of HUnit tests
performed by the text-based test controller.
<dt> examples/test/TerminalTest.lhs
<dd>
Haskell module that tests <tt>Test/HUnit/Terminal.lhs</tt> (using HUnit, of
course!).
</dl>
<h2><a name="References">References</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>
<a name="DesignPatterns"></a>[1] Gamma, E., et al. Design Patterns:
Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, MA, 1995.
<dd>
The classic book describing design patterns in an object-oriented
context.
<dt>
<a href="http://www.junit.org">http://www.junit.org</a>
<dd>
Web page for JUnit, the tool after which HUnit is modeled.
<dt>
<a href="http://junit.sourceforge.net/doc/testinfected/testing.htm">
http://junit.sourceforge.net/doc/testinfected/testing.htm</a>
<dd>
A good introduction to test-first development and the use of JUnit.
<dt>
<a href="http://junit.sourceforge.net/doc/cookstour/cookstour.htm">
http://junit.sourceforge.net/doc/cookstour/cookstour.htm</a>
<dd>
A description of the internal structure of JUnit. Makes for an
interesting comparison between JUnit and HUnit.
</dl>
<p>
<hr>
The HUnit software and this guide were written by Dean Herington
(<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>).
<p>
HUnit development is supported by
<a href="http://sourceforge.net">
<img src="http://sourceforge.net/sflogo.php?group_id=46796&type=1"
width="88" height="31" border="0" alt="SourceForge.net Logo">
</a>
</body>
</html>
|
